Subsea is a term used to refer to the equipment, technology, and methods used to explore, drill, development and operation of an oil and gas fields under the water surface. Able for areas that are shallow (shallow) or deep sea (deepwater). Subsea structures built in the sea to explore oil and gas that lies in a shallow sea and deep sea. Installation of subsea (offshore) depending on environmental conditions, as well as surface structure and require updating. Many of the reasons why in doing offshore drilling (offshore):
1.Menemukan vast reserves of oil and gas fields and can be profitable. 2. Allows for producing from the deeper sea.
As well as things that may need to be noticed are:
As well as things that may need to be noticed are:
1. Need high realibitas
2. More complex subsea installations
3. Some technology still in development.
4. Factors to consider are the depth, tide, waves and currents, wind, earthquake and ice (North Sea). Well many companies that do offshore drilling:
1. Petrobras
2. Statoil
3. Shell
4. Exxonmobile
5. Bp
6. Norsk Hydro
7. Chevron
8. Kerr-McGee
9. Total
10. Talisman
An estimated 5-10% of world oil reserves under the sea and is currently estimated to be around 30% of the total production comes from offshore oil and gas. So the development of subsea technology into one attractive alternative given the thinning reserves on land. The first offshore drilling done by the chevron is in california. And the deepest wells in the 2008 which was developed by teledo at bay mexico is 3050 m Operational Criteria
Determination of the bridge functions (drilling, production, storage, shelter engineer, etc.), the total number of wells drilled, total deck and equipment needed, and methods of oil and gas transportation is the work of multiple disciplines such as engineering geophysics and geology, oceanography, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering and electrical and instrumentation engineering, marine engineering, and environmental engineering.
Determination of the bridge functions (drilling, production, storage, shelter engineer, etc.), the total number of wells drilled, total deck and equipment needed, and methods of oil and gas transportation is the work of multiple disciplines such as engineering geophysics and geology, oceanography, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering and electrical and instrumentation engineering, marine engineering, and environmental engineering.
1. Stages of drilling
1.Explorasi Oil and gas exploration is done with the ship that uses the reflection wave to get beneath the surface seismic data.
2.Drilling
A location has been selected and prepared, several holes dug to make a point of drilling equipment (rigs) and the main hole.
This operation is done to ensure the presence or absence
content of oil and gas. (Using the Jack-Up Rig)
A location has been selected and prepared, several holes dug to make a point of drilling equipment (rigs) and the main hole.
This operation is done to ensure the presence or absence
content of oil and gas. (Using the Jack-Up Rig)
COMPONENTS OFFSHORE PLATFORMS
1. Topsides
The top of the bridge as a place of all equipment (process, mechanical, electrical and instrument) for the drilling / production of oil and gas.
(other terminology: Deck, Upper Structure)
2. Supporting STRUCTURE
To support and protect decks / topsides of environmental burdens such as waves, currents, wind, and earthquake) (another term: substructure).
To support and protect decks / topsides of environmental burdens such as waves, currents, wind, and earthquake) (another term: substructure).
-TREE
Its function is to control the flow of tree production from the well through several valves and chokes, to a manifold or elsewhere.
-JUMPERS / flowlines
Jumper is a very short spool (also can be rigid or flexible) so that it can be installed in a single generation into the seabed.
-Manifold
Which sends the results to the place of production and storage process which is usually located on top of floating or on land.
Based on the location of manifold:
1.Template manifold that is so one with the wells
2.Cluster manifold that is off-site wells
Based on the structure of the manifold:
`1. Integral manifold of a unified structure
2.Retrievable manifold of structures that can be taken back into the water.
-FTA (Flow Termination Assembly)
To connect the pipeline with other facilities, namely PLET, PLEM and Riser Base.
-Riser
To connect the flow from the seabed into the water. Riser base must be installed separately, so need two connectors for connecting the riser and pipeline.
-FPSO (Floating Production, Storage And Offloading)
Its function is to control the flow of tree production from the well through several valves and chokes, to a manifold or elsewhere.
-JUMPERS / flowlines
Jumper is a very short spool (also can be rigid or flexible) so that it can be installed in a single generation into the seabed.
-Manifold
Which sends the results to the place of production and storage process which is usually located on top of floating or on land.
Based on the location of manifold:
1.Template manifold that is so one with the wells
2.Cluster manifold that is off-site wells
Based on the structure of the manifold:
`1. Integral manifold of a unified structure
2.Retrievable manifold of structures that can be taken back into the water.
-FTA (Flow Termination Assembly)
To connect the pipeline with other facilities, namely PLET, PLEM and Riser Base.
-Riser
To connect the flow from the seabed into the water. Riser base must be installed separately, so need two connectors for connecting the riser and pipeline.
-FPSO (Floating Production, Storage And Offloading)
What is meant by FPSO here is not just a boat-shaped, but also SPAR, TLP and other floating.
1. (TLP = Tension Led Platform) TLP = pavilion is part topsidesnya supported by columns, pontoons (hull) and tethered to the seabed by several fastening (tendons)
2. (SPAR = Spar is Deep draft floater (DDF), which is categorized as a relatively large power muatnya).
Tree mounted above the well and will be on stream by the manifold to be sent to storage (storage) in surface water usually fixed structures on the surface or on land. To connect the manifolds we need a tree with jumper / flowlines. If the storage place is too far in requiring the FTA at the downstream end of the manifold to the riser and forwarded by the riser to raise to the surface or to a FPSO (SPAR / TLP).