Ever since the f 986 crisis, the price of crude oil has been fluctuating severely. Oil companies have had to comply with this situation by cutting their costs and putting more effort into estimating as accurately as possible the economics of projects and associated risks. Technical advances in well design and drilling, now allow the drilling of horizontal wells several kilometers long, as well as extended multilateral wells, with new production-injection architecture. Such wells permit the development of the fields using less wellheads and hence more convenient surface infrastructures. Also, new types of structures have replaced traditional platforms; allowing a reduction in capital expenditure and hence increasing the possibility of deep offshore development.dies.
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