In this book, gas and vapor are distinguished by their available states at standard temperature and pressure (20◦C, 101 kPa). If the gas-phase constituent can also exist as a liquid phase at standard temperature and pressure (e.g., water, ethanol, toluene, trichlorothylene), it is considered a vapor. If the gas-phase constituent is non-condensable at standard temperature and pressure (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen, propane), it is considered a gas. The distinction is important
because different processes affect the transport and behavior of gases and vapors in porous media. For example, mechanisms specific to vapors include vapor-pressure lowering and enhanced vapor diffusion, which are caused by the presence of a gasphase constituent interacting with its liquid phase in an unsaturated porous media. In addition, the “heat-pipe” exploits isothermal latent heat exchange during evaporation and condensation to effectively transfer heat in designed and natural systems.
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