Deviations from Hubbert Linearization

If dispersive discovery proceeds with an exponentially accelerated search over a spatially dispersed volume then we see the classic Hubbert curve -- a Logistic sigmoid for cumulative growth. Applying the technique of Hubbert Linearization to that formulation, we plot a straight line, as shown to the right (plotting cumulative production U against fractional production P/U).

What happens if at some point in the accelerating search we apply an even more aggressive search policy? Say that we super-accelerate by applying a Gompertz-like growth term exp(kt²) instead of the linear exponential in the classic Logistic. The previously straight line develops a bulge that initially looks like a shallower HL slope but which eventually slopes downward to the URR cumulative intersection U₀. Note that the URR gets normalized to 1 in the figure and amounts to a geological limit.

Conversely, what happens if the accelerating search stabilizes and transforms into a steady, linear growth? In this case, the HL linearization plummets before asymptotically approaches the same URR.

This deviation from the linear HL behavior may have happened already, but the noise in the discovery history likely has obscured the effect. In terms of the deviation direction, this could go either way. An aggressive search acceleration would come about if oil prospectors had confidence that they could apply a huge, albeit transient, investment into their infrastructure. On the other hand, the deceleration would obviously come about if the oil industry collectively started to give up and thus either reduce their search effort or resort to maintaining their previous rate.

As a key to understanding classical economics one really only has to understand the concept of continual growth. An implicit Ponzi scheme exists within our system, but remains largely unobservable since the acceleration occurs over decades. In the absence of alternative resources to fuel the engine of growth, we can observe directly the hoisting of our own petard as economic growth starts to mutate. Two possible outcomes will prevail: either a feverish last attempt to maintain pace in the face of a wall looming ahead, or a resignation to the idea that continuous growth can not sustain itself.

Overview: Engineering Technical Reports

Technical reports include various types of "technical" information. For example, if you need to report why a design or piece of equipment failed, you'd write a forensic report. Or, you might have to write about a design you created. Then, you'd produce a design report or, you may need to combine these two. Many report types are classified as technical reports. You should always determine what information you need to convey and who your audience is before you start writing. To learn more about technical reports, choose any of the items below:

* Definition of a Technical Report
* Audience
* General Format
* Perspectives on Technical Reports
* Additional Resources
* Example Technical Report

Source:http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/documents/ce-trpt/

World University Ranking of Engineering Schools 2009

Rank Institution Country 2006


1 Massachusetts Institute of Technology USA

2 University of California, Berkeley USA

3 Indian Institutes of Technology India

4 Imperial College London UK

5 Stanford University USA

6 Cambridge University UK

7 Tokyo University Japan

8 National University of Singapore Singapore

9 California Institute of Technology USA

10 Carnegie Mellon University USA

11 Oxford University UK

12 ETH Zurich Switzerland

13 Delft University of Technology Netherlands

14 Tsing Hua University China

15 Nanyang Technological University Singapore

16 Melbourne University Australia

17 Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Hong Kong

18 Tokyo Institute of Technology Japan

19 New South Wales University Australia

20 Beijing University China

21 Kyoto University Japan

22 Georgia Institute of Technology USA

23 Harvard University USA

24 Australian National University Australia

25 Sydney University Australia

26 Ecole Polytechnique France

27 University of Toronto Canada

28= Cornell University USA 28= Monash University Australia

30= University of Illinois USA

30= Technion — Israel Institute of Technology Isarael

32 Technical University Munich Germany

33 Princeton University USA

34 University of California, Los Angeles USA

35 University of Texas at Austin USA

36 University of Michigan USA

37 Korea Advanced Institution of Science & Technology South Korea

38 Queensland University Australia

39 Aachen RWTH Germany

40 Purdue University USA

41 China University of Science & Technology China

41 Manchester University & Umist UK

43 Auckland University New Zeland

43 National Taiwan University Taiwan

45 Ecole Polytech Fdrale de Lausanne Switzerland

46 Technical University Denmark Denmark

47 Vienna University of Technology Austria

48 University of California, San Diego USA

48 Shanghai Jiao Tong University China

50 McGill University Canada

51 British Columbia University Canada

52 Seoul National University South Korea

53 Helsinki University of Technology Finland

53 Royal Institute of Technology Sweden

55 Osaka University Japan

56 Chalmers University of Technology Sweden

57 Yale University USA

58 Lomonosov Moscow State University Russia

59 Waterloo University Canada

60 Texas A&M University USA

61 University of Massachusetts [Amherst] USA

62 Technical University Berlin Germany

63 Catholic University of Louvain (French) Belgium

63 Polytechnic University of Milan Italy

65 University of Wisconsin USA

66 Edinburgh University UK

67 Hong Kong University Hong Kong

68 Indian Institutes of Management India

69 Eindhoven University of Technology Netherlands

70 Queensland University of Technology Australia

71 Virginia Polytechnic Institute USA

72 Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong

73 Karlsruhe University Germany

74 University of Adelaide Australia

75 University of Columbia USA

76 Stuttgart University Germany

77 Nagoya University Japan

77 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute USA

79 Catholic University of Leuven (Flemish) Belgium

79 Twente University Netherlands

81 Pennsylvania University USA 82 Maryland University USA

83 Ecole Normale Suprieure, Paris France

83 Sydney Technical University Australia

85 City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong

85 Johns Hopkins University USA

87 Norwegian University Science & Technology Norway

88 RMIT University Australia

89 Birmingham University UK

90 Penn State University USA

90 Tohoku University Japan

90 Washington University USA

93 Sheffield University UK

94 University of California, Santa Barbara USA

95 Boston University USA

95 Chulalongkorn University Thailand

97 Fudan University China

98 Northwestern University USA

99 Nanjing University China

100 Pierre and Marie Curie University France

Source: 2009 World Ranking (Engineering)

What is Green Engineering?

Green engineering is the process and design of products that conserve natural resources, and impact the natural environment as little as possible. The term is often applied to housing, but it can be used for automobiles, lights or any other sort of system or device that requires engineering, and incorporates sound environmental principles. Though green engineering is somewhat more expensive, many countries, recognizing the value of such work, have begun to offer tax breaks, and other incentives to those who incorporate its use.

Green engineers often have special training in the field, perhaps attending special classes to understand how materials and other components can be made in an environmentally-friendly way. For example, engineers and architects concerned with home design may learn about the latest building materials and techniques. This may include the use of solar powered appliances, especially water heaters, solar lights or windows and other design elements.

For those who are constructing a new building or home, the best time to start the green engineering process is at the very beginning. Retrofitting a building with environmentally-friendly design concepts is possible, but it is not as efficient or seamless as having those features built in initially. Therefore, it is critically important to make the desire for green design and technology known from the start.

For buildings, the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification is a standard many new buildings strive to achieve. This means the building uses a substantial amount of green engineering. Though this certification is not required by any government agency, those buildings that do receive the certification are often held up as a standard for others to follow. Some owners may even offer bonuses if a building does become LEED certified.

There are a number of ratings criteria assessed for LEED certification. Some of those include the green engineering and design process, the materials used, indoor air quality and water efficiency, among others. These are each judged individually, and will include not only design elements in the building, but also elements outside the building, such as the irrigation system and other landscaping features.

In other areas, green engineering may apply to what is done with automobiles. Current design concepts used in automobiles that are considered environmentally friendly are hybrid technologies, flex fuel vehicles, and even electricity. The future could provide opportunities for fuel cell vehicles and other transportation technologies. Though the price of these vehicles, just like homes, are initially higher, some states do offer incentives. Also, the consumption of less energy means there is a chance to realize cost savings in the operation of these vehicles over time.

Source:http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-green-engineering.htm

Principle of Green Engineering

1. Engineer processes and products holistically, use systems analysis, and integrate environmental impact assessment tools.

2. Conserve and improve natural ecosystems while protecting human health and well-being.

3. Use life-cycle thinking in all engineering activities.

4. Ensure that all material and energy inputs and outputs are as inherently safe and benign as possible.

5. Minimize depletion of natural resources.

6. Strive to prevent waste.

7. Develop and apply engineering solutions, while being cognizant of local geography, aspirations, and cultures.

8. Create engineering solutions beyond current or dominant technologies; improve, innovate, and invent (technologies) to achieve sustainability.

9. Actively engage communities and stakeholders in development of engineering solutions.

What is Green Engineering?

Green engineering means using measurement and control techniques to create more efficient technologies and processes for environmentally sound products and systems. NI offers measurement, automation, and design tools that enable you to acquire and analyze real-world data, and then correct or fix any problems you discover. The end result is more efficient, economic technologies that are better for our planet.

The potential for green engineering applications spans almost every industry. While there are many ways to group these green applications, most fall into five categories:

* Environmental Monitoring
* Energy Storage Systems
* Power Quality Monitoring
* Solar Energy
* Wind Energy

Source:National Instrument Website

20 Modern Engineering Marvels

Technology is taking such rapid strides forward at such a blurring pace that what is considered a marvelous novelty turns into a mundane common object within no time. To classify and bunch a set of man-made marvels from a world that is being constantly altered is a pretty tough job. Finding them is easy enough in a world filled with man-made wonders but the relevance of such a compilation will be short-lived compared with a list from the ancient world. Yet we embark on a journey across the planet and beyond to try and find out the best the world has to offer—our own creations that leave us in awe. We limit ourselves to finding the biggest, tallest or the highest as otherwise we would probably never end the journey we began. It is a journey filled with variations and grand delights in a spectacular way. So, have a fun ride…

1. CERN’s Large Hadron Collider:

With an ability to change our understanding of the world around us and give us the reasons of our own existence, CERN’s LHC is for now the most spectacular and important technological marvel modern science has created. The particle accelerator is just a couple of days away from action, and the large construction 17 miles in circumference will surely make the coming two decades the most exciting for modern physicists. It’s truly amazing creation that could answer the questions about the creation and existence of this universe itself!

2. International Space Station (ISS):

It is one thing making wonders of engineering on earth and a whole different ballgame when you need to do it outside the planet in outer space. The International Space Station (ISS) is a research facility that is a joint project among the space agencies of the United States (NASA), Russia (RKA), Japan (JAXA), Canada (CSA) and eleven European countries. When completed in 2010, it will be the largest and grandest human endeavor away from home, and to build such a massive structure in such dangerous conditions is one magnificent tribute to both human will and skill.

3. Three Gorges Dam:

Taking shape of the largest hydroelectric power plant in the world and that too by a long shot, the Three Gorges Dam in China is not just spectacular to watch but enormous in magnitude. Generating 22.5 GW of power it will supply energy amounting to 4% of China’s national needs. Creating a reservoir as large as Lake Superior, this dam will be good as a grand marvel of modern engineering by becoming the world’s largest concrete structure!

4. Petronas Twin Towers:

At 452 meters tall, the Petronas Twin Towers are magnificent and unique. While their familiarity seems at times to diminish their true aura, you only need to stand in front of the towers for one moment to realize the magnitude of the construction. For sheer intimidating height and the sophisticated look, they are a marvel of modern times.

5. Space Telescope Chandra:

Also known as the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility, Chandra is an X-ray telescope orbiting the earth and sending back the most spectacular images of the cosmos that man has ever captured. The telescope moves in an orbit which makes it the furthest traveling earth-orbiting man-made object. The X-ray images offered by Chandra since its launch have redefined our notions of the cosmos and have given astronomy a whole new direction.

6. Palm Deira of Dubai:

Palm Deira is the latest of Dubai’s trilogy of man-made islands. This island will occupy all of 46.35 million square meters of land reclaimed from the Persian Gulf to make the Palm Deira the largest man-made island in the entire world. All set to be finished by the year 2013, the island will further alter the landscape of effervescent Dubai!

7. Viaduc de Millau Bridge:

Stretching higher than the Eiffel Tower, the Viaduc de Millau Bridge is a marvel of art and architecture that caught the eye of even flamboyant French President Jacques Chirac. Stretching across southern France’s Tarn River Gorge, it is 1.6 miles (2.6 kilometers) long and soaring to 1,132 feet (343 meters) at its highest point, it is the tallest bridge in the world. Built by the firm that also built the Eiffel Tower, its spectacular presence bowls over one and all!

8. Bird’s Nest:

The Bird’s Nest in the heart of Beijing needs little introduction to anyone, and it is one structure that has now become synonymous with the Olympic Games. Apart from its grand, yet unique design, the stadium is the world’s largest steel structure. No other man-made structure used up as much steel as the Olympic Stadium, with its intricate yet hypnotic design. That surely sets it apart in terms of being a one of a kind venue in the sporting world.

9. Burj-Al-Arab Hotel:

By now almost everyone knows about the Burj-Al-Arab, and if you have not heard of it or seen its picture till now, then welcome back to earth. The hotel stands at a height of 321 meters and is the tallest operational hotel in the world. While the Rosa Tower is set to soon take away that crown, it still will not diminish the unique aura of the Burj, with its unique shape and its own artificial island. This is one hotel where you can live it up in a grand style!

10. Kingda Ka Roller Coaster:

At a height of 456 feet, the Kingda Ka Roller Coaster is the tallest fun ride in the world. Located in the Six Flags Theme Park in New Jersey, the ride will take you into a different world and even before you know it, you will be plunging back towards earth at a speed of 128 mph. This heart-stopping and mind-numbing ride is not just the tallest in the world but also the most exhilarating. This is a modern marvel that is just for fun and adrenaline, and that makes it our personal favorite!

11. Rungnado May Day Stadium:

Located in Pyongyang, North Korea, the May Day stadium is the largest in the world and has seen some pretty big crowds. The May Day stadium has 150,000 seats and a total floor space of more than 207,000 square meters. The inner stadium floor area covers 25,000 square meters, including 14,000 square meters of which its athletic field is artificially made and 8,300 square meters of lawn. Vertical axis of stadium is 450 meters and horizontal axis 350 meters. Those are just a few numbers from this humongous stage for sporting extravaganza!

12. Akashi Kaikyo Suspension Bridge:

The Akashi Kaikyo Suspension Bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the world and is a spectacular visual delight. It apparently took 2 million workers 10 years to construct the bridge, 181,000 tons of steel and 1.4 million cubic meters of concrete. The four-mile bridge links the island of Awaji and the mainland city of Kobe. This is probably one man-made marvel that even the Japanese are proud about and look at in awe!

13. Lake Mead:

Lake Mead is one of my own personal favorites not just because it is such a spectacular human creation among nature’s brilliant creations, but it also brings in the aura of the Hoover Dam into the list. When it was completed, the Hoover Dam was the largest concrete structure in the world, and also the largest power-producing entity. With time all that might have gone, but the artificial lake it creates among the gorgeous Grand Canyons-Lake Mead-is still the world’s largest man-made reservoir. Simply spectacular!

14. Project Genesis:

When finished in 2009, Royal Caribbean’s Project Genesis luxury cruise ship will be the largest cruise ship the world has ever known. This modern-day luxury-on-ocean will end up costing a cool $1.24 billion to make. It will measure 1,180 feet long and carry 5,400 passengers. When ready, the ship would have a central park, luxury hotels, restaurants, public spaces, picnic spots and bars. Yes, it is like a little city of its own!

15. Hangzhou Bay Bridge:

There is something about bridges that we just cannot get enough of. It is just the scientific knowledge and the engineering skill involved in building them that makes them stand out as technical pieces of art. The Hangzhou Bay Bridge is the longest road bridge in the world and another Chinese marvel that made it to our list. The £840 million Bridge, measuring 36km, spans Hangzhou Bay to link China’s financial hub and the port city of Ningbo to the south. The fact that it is anchored in waters that are 60 meters deep in places and yet is so solid and spectacular makes it a feat of accomplishment indeed!

16. Channel Tunnel:

The Channel Tunnel, more popularly known as the Eurotunnel, is the longest under-sea rail tunnel in the world in terms of length of the tunnel under the sea. Connecting England and France, it starts out at Kent in England and finishes at Coquelles near Calais in northern France. Creating a bridge over water is hard enough but to plow under the sea to create a rail tunnel! This is one ride that you will never forget.

17. Singapore Flyer:

These big giant wheels that go round and round giving you a spectacular view of the city are so cool, and the one in London is obviously pretty famous. But there is plenty of hard work and engineering skill behind the apparent simplicity. The Singapore Flyer is the world’s largest Ferris wheel and reaches 42 stories high, it comprises of a 150-metre high wheel built over a three-story terminal building, thus giving it a total height of 165 meters. It not only gives you a view of Singapore in totality but parts of Malaysia and Indonesia as well… Awesome!

18. Pan STARRS-1:

Built at Manoa’s Institute for Astronomy in Honolulu at the University of Hawaii, the largest digital camera has been installed on the Pan STARRS-1 telescope on Haleskala, Maui. This digital wonder along with the telescope will form one of the most powerful observatories on the planet and will monitor the cosmos constantly.

19. MareNostrum:

It is not often that science and religion get along well, and that makes the MareNostrum all the more special. MareNostrum is the most powerful supercomputer in Europe and while Europe does not cover the world, it is the only one where you will find a church. The supercomputer consists of 2560 JS21 blade computing nodes, each with 2 dual-core IBM 64-bit PowerPC 970MP processors running at 2.3 GHz for 10240 CPUs. All this in a chapel, and the ironic part: it is used for human genome research!

20. San Alfonso Del Mar:

After taking a trip across the planet in search of the mind-boggling modern technological wonders, it is better everyone takes a cool dip on our final spot, and that is exactly why we reserved this one final spot for San Alfonso Del Mar in Chile. This amazing resort in the beautiful South American country sports the world’s largest swimming pool, and when I say large, I mean it. The San Alfonso pool is 1km in length and contains an incredible 250,000 cubic meters of water. The technology used to create the crystal clear water that is transparent to a depth of 35 meters is the real technological aspect of this pool, and an exclusive secret for now. The pool, spread over 8 hectares, is surely good enough for all those who came along on this fabulous journey!

Petroleum Production Engineering Fundamentals

Introduction

This short article will provide basic information about petroleum production engineering and the process that have been involved. Complete oil and gas production system consists of reservoir, well, flow line, separators pump and transportation pipeline. Figure below will clearly shows the process of the petroleum production from reservoir to the transportation pipeline.

The reservoir supplies well bore with crude oil or gas, the well will provide a path to the production fluid to flow from the bottom hole to surface and offers a means to control the fluid production rate, and the flow line leads the produced fluid to separators. The separators will separate the water and gas from the crude oil. Pumps and compressors will use to transport oil and gas through pipeline to the shore for refinery.

Abbreviations in Air Conditioning Works

Abbreviations

There are some adding abbreviations that normally used in air conditioning work in addition to the standard that have been use in international standards (S.I):

ahu : Air-Handling Unit
swg : Static water gauge
ach : Air changes (room volumes) per hour
db : dry bulb temperature
wb : wet bulb temperature
dp : dew point temperature
rh : relative humidity
kg/kg : kilogram water vapour per kilogram dry air (absolute moisture content)
TH : Total Heat
SH : Sensible Heat
LH : Latent Heat
SHR : Sensible Heat Ratio
ON OFF: The condition of air or water entering or leaving a coil or heat exchanger
TR: Tons of refrigeration capacity
TRE: Tons of refrigeration capacity extracted
TRR: Tons of refrigeration rejected (at final cooler)
HP: High Pressure (refrigerant)
LH: Low Pressure (refrigerant)
DX: Direct expansion cooling